WHAT MAKE YOUR BLOOD FLOW

There are three main vessel types:

- Arteries that carry blood from the heart

- Veins that carry blood back to the heart

- Capillaries that link the two vessel


Blood Pathways:

Blood circulates around the body along two main paths between the heart and lungs to pick up oxygen and between the heart and other body parts to deliver oxygen and food.

BLOOD PUMP AROUND YOUR BODY BY YOUR HEART. IT FLOWS IN BLOOD VESSEL THAT FORM A NETWORK CALLED THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. THERE ARE THREE MAIN VESSEL TYPE: ARTERIES THAT CARRY BLOOD FROM THE HEART, VEINS THAT CARRY BLOOD BACK TO THE HEART AND CAPILLARIES THAT LINK THE TWO.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU EXERCISE

Exercising - The Heart

During exercise, your heart can pump up to five times more blood around your body. The amount of blood leaving the heart each time it pumps increases by 10 to 35 percent. Also, the number of times the heart beats perminute can more than double its normal count.

WHEN YOU START TO EXERCISE YOUR BODY INCREASES THE SUPPLY OF OXYGEN ADN ENERGY TO YOUR MUSCLES. IT DOES THIS IN TWO WAYS: YOUR LUNGS WORK HARDER, TAKINGIN MORE OXYGEN, WHICH IS TRANSFERRED TO YOUR BLOODSTREAM; AND YOUR HEART BEATS FASTER, PUMPING MORE OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD TO YOUR MUSCLES. HERE, THE OXYGEN HELPS TO RELEASE THE EXTRA ENERGY NEEDED BY YOUR MUSCLES.

HOW DO THE BONES GROW

Sample bones growing in your hand

 See picture:

- Location  where the bones growing occure
- Bone Head
- Bone Shaft   
- Fully-grown Skeleton

WHEN BABY IS IN ITS MOTHER'S UTERUS, A TOUGH, FLEXIBLE MATERIAL CALLED CARTILAGE BEGIN TO FORM WHERE HARDER BONES EVENTUALLY GROW. AS THE BABY GROWS, CARTILAGE IS CONTINUALLY REPLACES WITH BONE IN A PROCESS CALLED OSSIFICATION. THIS TAKES PLACE IN THE SHAFTS AND HEADS OF ALL BONES. ONCE HARDENED, YOUR BONES CONTINUE TO LENGHTEN UNTIL YOU ARE ABOUT 20 YEARS OLD.

AT THE AGE OF AROUND 20 YEARS, BONE GROWTH IS COMPLETE. HOWEVER, SOME FACE BONES, LIKE THE NOSE AND LOWER JAW BONES, CONTINUE TO GROW VERY SLIGHTLY AT ALL AGES. ONCES FULLY GROWN, BONES ARE BEING REPAIRED CONTINUALLY.
  

HOW DO REFLEX ACTION WORK

Organs for Hand Reflex:
- Motor Neuron 
   Carries nerve impulse from spinal cord to biceps muscle
 - Biceps Muscle
Contract to bend arm
- Sensory Neuron
  Carries nerve impulse from pain receptor to spinal cord
- Pain Receptor
  In skin of finger

IF YOU PUT YOUR HAND ON A HOT SURFACE, YOU AUTOMATICALLY JERK IT AWAY. IF AN OBJECT MOVES UNEXPECTEDLY TOWARDS YOUR EYES, YOU AUTOMATICALLY BLINK. BOTH OF THESE DEFENSIVE MOVEMENT ARE EXAMPLE OF REFLEX ACTION. REFLEX ACTION ENABLE YOU TO RESPOND RAPIDLY TO SOMETHING THAT MAY BE DANGEROUS, WITHOUT EVEN THINKING ABOUT IT.

THE ENERGY OF YOUR BODY COME FROM

Taking in Fuel

The living cell absorbs fuel particles, such as glucose and fat. The cell also takes in oxygen from your blood. The oxygen helps to burn the fuel particles, which then release energy.






THE MILLIONS OF CELLS INSIDE YUOR BODY NEED ENERGY TO DEVELOP AND SURVIVE. THE SOURCE OF THIS ENERGY IS THE FOOD THAT YOU EAT. LIVING CELLS ABSORB TINY PARTICLES OF FOOD AND EXTRACT ENERGY FROM THEM TO FUEL YOUR BODY'S PROCESSES. THE WORD "METABOLISM" IS USED TO DESCRIBE ALL THE PROCESSES THAT USE OR RELEASE ENERGY. THE MINIMUM ENERGY TURNOVER NEEDED TO KEEP YOU ALIVE IS KNOWN AS THE BASAL METABOLISM.

WHAT ARE YOU MADE OF

 


CHEMICAL-MAKE UP

Chemical are carried around the body dissolved in water; the most important of these is salt (sodium chloride)





WATER CONTENT

Your body contains water about 40 litres (70 pints) of water, contained in blood nd also in around cells.





YOUR BODY IS MADE OUT OF 24 DIFFERENT ELEMENTS, BUT JUST FOUR OF THESE MAKE UP THE MAJOR PART OF YOUR BODY WEIGHT. THESE FOUR INCLUDE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN, WHICH COMBINE TO FORM WATER. THE BALANCE OF CHEMICALS IN YOUR BODY DEPENDS ON YOUR AGE.

HOW DO JOINT MOVE

Bending and Straightening the knee are typical hinge
 joint function



The pivot joint at the elbow allows the lower arm to turn palm-upward



The best example of the saddle joint's freedom of movement is at the thumb



This is the most flexible free moving joint and is found at the shoulder and hip


THE MAJORITY OF THE BODY'S JOINT ARE CALLED FREE-MOVING, OR SYNOVIAL, JOINTS. INSIDE EACH IS A CAVITY FILLED WITH FLUID, WHICH LUBRICATES THE JOINT EACH TIME YOU MOVE IT. THE JOINT IS HELD TOGETHER BY TOUGH STRAPS CALLED LIGAMENT, WHICH PREVENT THE BONES FROM DRIFTING APART AS THEY MOVE. THERE ARE FOUR COMMON KINDS OF FREE MOVING JOINT, EACH OF WHICH ALLOWS A DIFFERENT DEGREE OF MOVEMENT.

HOW DOES YOUR HEART BEAT

Blood flows into your heart and flows out as seen on Pic:

- From Head to Head
- From Lungs to Lungs
- From Body to Body









YOUR HEART BEATS MORE THAN ONCE A SECOND EVERY DAYS OF YOUR LIFE. AS BLOOD FLOWS INTO YOUR HEART, THE MUSCLES CONTRACT, AND THE BLOOD FLOWS OUT AGAIN. THE HEART IS MADE OF A SPECIAL TYPE OF MUSCLE WHICH NEVER TIRES. THIS MUSCLLE CONTRACTS AND RELAXES 60 TO 80 TIMES A MINUTE, DURING EXERCISE THE RATE CAN INCREASE TO OVER 100 TIMES A MINUTE.

HOW DO YOU CHEW YOUR FOOD

There are four main part involve the proses chewing:

- Back Teeth
- Front Teeth
- Lips
- Salivary Glands





YOU MUST CHEW FOOD SO THAT YOUR BODY CAN DIGEST IT. CHEWING IS A PROSES THAT INVOLVE YOUR LIPS, TEETH, SALIVARY GLANDS BESIDES TOUNGE AND JAWS. INSIDE YOUR MOUTH, FOOD IS CUT AND GROUND INTO TINY PIECES. AT THE SAME TIME, IT IS MOISTENED AND TREATED WITH DIGESTIVE SUBSTANCES CALLED ENZYMES. ONCE THE FOOD CHEWED IT CAN BE SWALLOWED.

HOW DO YOU HEAR

The Hearing Mechanism devided into three:

- Outer Ear
- Middle Ear
- Inner Ear






THE HEARING MECHANISM IN YOUR EAR IS DEVIDED INTO THREE PARTS: THE OUTER EAR, THE MIDDLE EAR, AND THE INNER EAR. ALL THESE DELICATED PARTS WORK TOGETHER SO THAT YOU CAN RECOGNIZE MILLIONS OF DIFFERENT SOUNDS AND VOLUMES-FROM A LOUD BANG TO QUITE WHISPER.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU SLEEP

BRAIN SLEEPING CYCLES

During a night's sleep, an adult will pass from a state of wakefulness through two kinds of sleep in alternating, 90-minute cycles. The first sleep is deep and largerly dreamless






BRAIN-WAVE ACTIVITY

Your brain constantly send out electrical signals, called brain waves, which represent its nervous activity. When you are awake or dreaming, the signal are more intense




An Adult sleeps for around eight hours a night. As an infant, you need 16 to 18 hours but this decreases with age, you enter deep, non-rapid eye movement sleep. At 90-minute intervals, you switch to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when you dream and your eyes move quickly as trough wathcing a film. About a quarter of your sleep is REM sleep

HOW DO YOU SWALOW

How do you swalow

Food is passed along your digestive system, from the throat to the anus, by means of a muscular action called peristalsis. The muscle in the walls of your digestive organs contract and relax alternately, squeezing food and fluid along. Peristalsis happens automatically and is extremely powerful - food would reach your intestine even if you were standing on your head.

EYES BLINKING

Lacrimal Gland
Producing tears that flow through tiny ducts onto the eyes

Lacrimal Sac
Collect excess tears

Eyelids
Blink to spread the tears across the eyes

Duct
Drain tears into nasal cavity



TO KEPT SURFACE OF YOUR EYES MOIST AND CLEAN, TEARS THAT IS PROSDUCED IN THE LACRIMAL GLAND MUST BE SPREAD ACROSS YOUR EYES BY BLINKING THE EYELID. AND ANY EXCESS TEARS WILL BE COLLECT IN THE LACRIMAL SAC AND DRAIN INTO NASAL CAVITY.